Open source technology(ABSTRACT)

 Open source technology

                                 -A.Sundaraprakash

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                                                          ABSTRACT

                                                   

                                    This paper makes an attempt to explain the latest open source technology.  In modern computer world huge companies like the New York Stock Exchange are starting to adopt free open source software. So it is necessary to discuss about the open source technologies.

            Open source's potential for delivering significant savings to the bottom line, resulting from the lack of software license fees. The concept of free sharing of technological information existed long before computers. For example, cooking recipes have been shared since the beginning of human culture.

            Many fields of study and social and political views have been affected by the growth of the concept of open source.

ü  Computer software

ü  Application software

ü  Operating systems

ü  Programming languages

ü  Server software

Open-source software is software whose source code is published and made available to the public, enabling anyone to copy, modify and redistribute the source code without paying royalties or fees. In this paper I discussed drawbacks in open source also. Some drawbacks like,

Reporting of bugs etc.

                       

Anyhow, OSS Economical, and licensed .When an open-source system is used, the operating environment and source code availability provides vast opportunities for teaching, learning, experimentation and Researches. So it is very useful for latest technology development and students….!

                                                            Thank you….!!

LTE (telecommunication), Long Term Evolution, a telephone and mobile broadband communication standard(4G Technology)

Introduction

LTE, an acronym for Long-Term Evolution, commonly marketed as 4G LTE, is a standard for wireless communication of high-speed data for mobile phones and data terminals. It is based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA network technologies, increasing the capacity and speed using a different radio interface together with core network improvements. The standard is developed by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) and is specified in its Release 8 document series, with minor enhancements described in Release 9.

LTE is a standard for wireless data communications technology and an evolution of the GSM/UMTS standards. The goal of LTE was to increase the capacity and speed of wireless data networks using new DSP (digital signal processing) techniques and modulations that were developed around the turn of the millennium. A further goal was the redesign and simplification of the network architecture to an IP-based system with significantly reduced transfer latency compared to the 3G architecture. The LTE wireless interface is incompatible with 2G and 3G networks, so that it must be operated on a separate wireless spectrum.

LTE was first proposed by NTT DoCoMo of Japan in 2004, and studies on the new standard officially commenced in 2005 In May 2007, the LTE/SAE Trial Initiative (LSTI) alliance was founded as a global collaboration between vendors and operators with the goal of verifying and promoting the new standard in order to ensure the global introduction of the technology as quickly as possible. The LTE standard was finalized in December 2008, and the first publicly available LTE service was launched by TeliaSonera in Oslo and Stockholm on December 14, 2009 as a data connection with a USB modem. The LTE services were launched by major North American carriers as well, with the Samsung SCH-r900 being the world’s first LTE Mobile phone starting on September 21, 2010 and Samsung Galaxy Indulge being the world’s first LTE smartphone starting on February 10, 2011 both offered by MetroPCS and HTC ThunderBolt offered by Verizon starting on March 17 being the second LTE smartphone to be sold commercially. In Canada, Rogers Wireless was the first to launch LTE network on July 7, 2011 offering the Sierra Wireless AirCard® 313U USB mobile broadband modem, known as the "LTE Rocket™ stick" then followed closely by mobile devices from both HTC and Samsung. Initially, CDMA operators planned to upgrade to rival standards called UMB and WiMAX, but all the major CDMA operators (such as Verizon, Sprint and MetroPCS in the United States, Belland Telus in Canada, au by KDDI in Japan, SK Telecom in South Korea and China Telecom/China Unicom in China) have announced that they intend to migrate to LTE after all. The evolution of LTE is LTE Advanced, which was standardized in March 2011. Services are expected to commence in 2013

The LTE specification provides downlink peak rates of 300 Mbit/s, uplink peak rates of 75 Mbit/s and QoS provisions permitting a transferlatency of less than 5 ms in the radio access network. LTE has the ability to manage fast-moving mobiles and supports multi-cast and broadcast streams. LTE supports scalable carrier bandwidths, from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz and supports both frequency division duplexing(FDD) and time-division duplexing (TDD). The IP-based network architecture, called the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) and designed to replace the GPRS Core Network, supports seamless handovers for both voice and data to cell towers with older network technology such as GSM, UMTS and CDMA2000. The simpler architecture results in lower operating costs (for example, each E-UTRA cell will support up to four times the data and voice capacity supported by HSPA).

Rank	Country/Territory	Penetration
1	South Korea	62.0%
2	Japan	21.3%
3	Australia	21.1%
4	United States	19.0%
5	Sweden	14.0%
6	Canada	8.0%
7	United Kingdom	5.0%
8	Germany	3.0%
9	Russia	2.0%
10	Philippines	1.0%

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What is Burst in GSM? and Burst Types in GSM

A.Sundara Prakash's CREATIONZ

GSM Burst

The Below diagram illustrates a GSM burst. It consists of several different elements.

These elements are as below:

Info

This is the area in which the speech, data or control information is held.

Guard Period

The BTS and MS can only receive the burst and decode it, if it is received within the time slot designated for it. The timing, therefore, must be extremely accurate, but the structure does allow for a small margin of error by incorporating a ‘guard period’ as shown in the diagram. To be precise, the time slot is 0.577 ms long, whereas the burst is only 0.546 ms long, therefore there is a time difference of 0.031 ms to enable the burst to hit the time slot.

Stealing Flags

These two bits are set when a traffic channel burst has been ‘‘stolen” by a FACCH (the Fast Associated Control Channel). One bit set indicates that half of the block has been stolen.

Training Sequence

This is used by the receiver’s equalizer as it estimates the transfer characteristic of the physical path between the BTS and the MS. The training sequence is 26 bits long.

Tail Bits

These are used to indicate the beginning and end of the burst.

Burst Types

The diagram below shows the five types of burst employed in the GSM air interface. All bursts, of whatever type, have to be timed so that they are received within the appropriate timeslot of the TDMA frame.

The burst is the sequence of bits transmitted by the BTS or MS, the time slot is the discrete period of real time within which it must arrive in order to be correctly decoded by the receiver:

Normal Burst

The normal burst carries traffic channels and all types of control channels.

Frequency Correction Burst

This burst carries FCCH down link to correct the frequency of the MS’s local oscillator, effectively locking it to that of the BTS.

Synchronization Burst

So called because its function is to carry SCH down link, synchronizing the timing of the MS to that of the BTS.

Dummy Burst

Used when there is no information to be carried on the unused time slots of the BCCH Carrier (down link only).

Access Burst

This burst is of much shorter duration than the other types. The increased guard period is necessary because the timing of its transmission is unknown. When this burst is transmitted, the BTS does not know the location of the MS and therefore the timing of the message from the MS can not be accurately accounted for. (The Access Burst is up-link only.)

Mobile Tracking Sticker/System

    Mobile Tracking Sticker/System

To Find your Lost/or Stolen Mobile

-Sundaraprakash

This paper makes an attempt to test the GPS, “LOSTMOB” app and MOBILE TRACKING STICKER (MTS). Here is a new generation tracking device that can be implanted into the Mobile phone. GPS stands for Global Positioning System. The positioning is real-time, with no delays. LOSTMOB app is the one that is used to find the lost mobile, even the mobile is runned out of battery by using the MOBILE TRACKING STICKER (MTS). This new interface represents the next evolution in the development of an implantable sensor that relies on active RF technology to continuously monitor and transmit in vivo stress levels over an extended period of time.

Mobile Tracking System/Sticker is the Nano GPS sensor which is have to protect your mobile phone even it is switch off.

The LOSTMOB app finds your handset using GPS and pinpoints its accurate location on Google maps. With this app you can also lock your missing phone and wipe out its data. You can erase all that's stored on its SD card too.